Dryland Hopi Corn 2024

Corn from the 2023 harvest was stored on the cob at 72°F until February 10, 2024, and there was a total of 57 lbs of shelled Hopi Blue Corn suitable for planting. We had 3 strains of corn from 2023, including Hopi Blue, Hopi White (1 lb), and Hopi Pink (2 lbs), as well as some crosses. Of this, about 20% is from Field 1 and 80% from Field 2, with another 10 lbs of immature corn from Field 2. The Hopi Blue ears varied in color from almost black to pale blue, depending on maturity. Corn was sorted into batches based on strain, kernel color variations, cob size/quality, plant color, and kernel maturity to test germination rates. Germination was greater than 95% for all batches except the lightest Hopi Blue tested, where the germination was 75%. The Hopi Pink produced more with fewer plants than the Hopi White, but kernel color, plant size, and plant appearance were very similar. We have also collected additional Hopi Pink, Hopi White, Wikti, Smoik Hu:m, Kikam Hu:n, and Concha White for testing.

Hopi Corn Batch List 2023

Hopi Pink - White with pink tinge (normal pink)
Hopi Pink - White (no noticeable pink)
Hopi Pink - Strong Pink to Dark Red
Hopi White - White with varying degrees of pink tinge (normal white)
Hopi White - White (no noticeable pink)
Hopi Blue - Blue (batches sorted by field origin and shade/maturity)
Hopi Blue - Mixed Colors (cobs peppered white/blue or kernels mottled grey/maroon)
Hopi Blue - Reddish Stalks or Reddish Husks (these stayed green longer in Field 1)
Hopi Blue - Red Plant (the whole plant was maroon red)
Hopi Pink/Blue Hybrid - Pollinated by Hopi Blue
Hopi White/Blue Hybrid - Pollinated by Hopi Blue

Pictures of Hopi Corn / Corn Maturity

A small percentage of the Hopi Blue (not crossed) had ears with a grey rust chinmark color pattern and others were speckled with pure white kernels. Hopi Blue color darkens with maturity and the image in middle shows a cob with light immature kernels that probably will not germinate. In right image below the middle cob is darker and has a deep maroon shade while the two on the left are dark blue with a white cob. This difference is not very noticeable in the image but clear enough to the naked eye and the stalks and leaves of this maroon corn display varying degrees of red. One plant from Field 1 was completely dark maroon red including the ear. stalk, and leaves.

2023 Harvest / Hopi Blue Chinmark Earthtone

Hopi Blue / Maturity Affects Color

Hopi Blue / Color Variation

Fertilizer

In contrast to 2023, fertilizer was applied to all fields and tilled in at recommended levels (120lbs N/acre, 80lbs P2O5/acre, 100lbs K2O/acre, plus some micronutrients).

Hopi Corn Seed Preparation / Pre-Sprouting

Prolonged soaking of fresh corn seeds, more than 12 hours, can cause in a lack of oxygen resulting in poor germination and seeds which are too far along in the germination process have emerging roots and easily damaged by handling. After soaking, seeds should be drained and can be kept another 8-12 hours at room temperature, after which roots should begin to emerge. Fresh seeds from the previous year only need an 8-12 hours soak at room temperature, but old seeds may benefit from multiple soak/rest cycles. If there is enough seeds, floating seeds should be discarded. Some floaters will sprout but not discarding them can result in spotty emergence and an uneven field. Alternatively plant twice as many as needed or in hills and thin later. Sometimes seeds are soaked but planting the next day is not possible due to weather (wind) and we found that putting soaked seeds in the refrigerator delays germination and may also damage the seeds. In the Hopi Blue field, the first 8 rows sprouted followed by rows 15-23 followed last by rows 9-14 which had been planted earlier but refrigerated.

Our refrigerator is set very low (near freezing but not frozen) and refrigeration of seeds reduced seedling vigor. The first day we planted rows 1-4 and had left over seed that was refrigerated. The first part of row 5 was planted with the refrigerated seed and there is a clear difference in the plants at the first part of the row and the rest of the row(s) planted the same day. It would be better to store extra soaked corn seeds just below 50°F since this will pause germination but reduce the damage to the seeds caused by near freezing temperatures.

Hopi Corn Daily Planting Schedule / The Work

Seeds were soaked overnight, drained in the morning, and kept at room temperature before leaving for work. After returning water was again added to the seeds followed by trenching, planting, and covering. It took 3-4½ hours to plant 4-6 rows 630 feet long sometimes with 1 person helping to place the seed. If drilling we usually did 600 holes at a time where I'd drill the holes while my son placed the seed and filled. The drill starts getting hot after about 400 seeds and needs to be left to cool or switched with another drill. It is better to place the seeds immediately to know which holes have been done and reduce the chance of the hole filling/caving in before seed placement. We drilled and planted the Concha White (500 seeds) in less two hours including watering and covering and were bringing the tools and hoses back from the field at the 2-hour mark. Except for Kikam Hu:n which was put in an irrigated bed, Concha White was the only variety we watered during planting. Drilling is not a comfortable endeavor especially if you have back problems but my personal experience is the exercise reduced my recurring lower back pain (not during the work but later). DISCLAIMER: This is not medical advice and I do not advocate anyone to do this as treatment, just my personal experience so far. When using an augur to drill holes, seedlings in partially backfilled holes do poorly and it is better to backfill holes completely.

We used a drill with augur for planting individually, but if using the hill method it is much less work since several plants are grown for each hole drilled. Hill spacing can be anywhere from 6-20 feet or 1,212 holes would be needed to plant an acre with hills 6 ft. apart. At a high density of 3 plants per hill (closer than recommended), that is 12 sq. ft. per plant or 3637 holes if planted individually (3 x as much work). A more standard spacing would be 9 x 9 ft or 537 holes per acre with 4-7 plants per hill.

Using a tractor with a middle buster to make a trench 12" deep and hand seeding is easier. Presprouting took precedence over using a precision row seeder given the dry conditions. The soil in the trench was too clumpy to roll the seeder and the presprouted seeds were damaged and stuck together. We tried using a length of ½ inch pipe to place the seeds but it was too time-consuming for little gain. We drop the seeds in the trench in a zig-zag pattern and also with a few in the center of the trench. They bounce around and some end up in the wrong spot or the same spot as others and we don't stop to fix those but "just keep swimming - just keep swimming". It is best to trench/drill, place seed, and backfill in one session because the open trench/hole and exposed seeds will start to lose moisture and exposed seeds are vulnerable to animals. If planting in a trench, after seeding, more make more than one pass with the rebar harrow and put the tines down for at least one pass to get adequate seed coverage. Optionally, run over the tops of the furrows with cultipacker to further firm the soil and reduce lodging.

Hopi Corn Planting Method Notes

Though drilling holes with an augur is more labor intensive than the middle buster trench planting method, I was surprised at how fast I was able to plant using the augur and very impressed with the results using the augur, soil is firmer, plants are more stable, and soil evaporation is reduced.

Planting in a zig-zag pattern results in better space utilization and faster canopy closure but it makes it more difficult to backfill/hill around the corn later. Plants are off center are more easily damaged during hilling operations. Ideally it would be better to get a planter that plants 2 or 3 rows at once, then use coultiers to backfill at planting time. The current method we use is limited since the middle buster can only do a single row every tractor width which is 4 feet apart at best, and a double mold board plow might be a better option.

Updated Planting Times Notes

Planting in late April delayed emergence due to cool soil temperatures and tassel formation started in the beginning of July when temperatures were hitting 109°F even for the earliest corn varieties. Early planted corn gets the brunt of summer heat at pollination time and late planted corn doesn't dry down enough before first frost. The season here changes too quickly in the spring to beat the summer heat. Future experiments should focus on optimizing plant spacing to decrease competition for water and not on early planting and maturation.

Huitlacoche - Mexican Truffle - Corn Smut Delicacy

Wikti is suitable for producing huitlacoche which is corn infected with corn smut fungus. While corn smut is considered a disease in the US, huitlacoche is eaten as a delicacy in Mexico and is expensive. I have tried it and it is good. The infected kernels grow larger than uninfected kernels, and are sweeter and softer than the starchy kernels on the same ear. Harvest huitlacoche while still soft, moist, and not yet full of powdery spores.

Hopi Corn Varieties In Order Of Planting 2024

Wikti (Hopi Greasy Head / Planted Late April)
Smoik Hu:n (Pima 60 Day type / Planted Late April)
Hopi White (2023 + new / Planted Early May)
Hopi Pink (2023 + new / Planted Early May)
Ki:kam Hu:n (Pima 60 Day type with 80% soft flour 20% flint / Planted Late May)
Hopi Blue (2023 + new / Planted Late May - Early June)
Concha White (Planted June 9th 2024)

Wikti (Hopi Greasy Head)

Wikti Hopi Corn (600) seeds were soaked and planted in east-west rows in an area that partially overlapped 2023 Field 1. One half of the seeds were planted using a 1' middle buster at maximum depth resulting in a trench 8-12 inches deep and placed seeds evenly in the bottom of the trench followed by dragging a rebar harrow upside down to cover them with 3-8 inches of soil. The tractor is more than 4 feet wide so driving on the high part between the trenches and overlapping the tire creates rows 3-5 feet apart. The second half of the seeds were then planted between the trenches on the high parts using a drill and 2" garden augur 6-10 inches deep in a rough zig-zag pattern resulting in a double row 1' apart and 1' between plants in each row. This closer planting should result in earlier canopy closure, shading from sunlight, and reduced evaporation. Soil was partially or fully replaced and while emergence was similar plant health seemed to get more moisture and do better when the soil was completely replaced (holes backfilled).

The probability of freeze is usually past by May 15th but there was an early hot summer-like period followed by several nights in May that dipped below freezing much later than usual until May 30th. Temperatures on site in spring are typically at least 5° colder than reported by the weather station ½ a mile away at the same elevation on the same "flats" and a prediction of 38°F or colder indicates a possibility of freeze (with observed frost on the squash leaves followed by damage). We had another freeze on June 16th, go figure. About half of the the corn sprouted and had damaged outer leaves but survived and is growing well. In this patch, there was better emergence with the trench-planted seeds. Wikti is a short flour corn that produces maroon kernels and one of the first types of corn to mature. These plants are shorter than Hopi White and Hopi Pink and they produce many tillers and a single seed resulting in a clump of stalks.

Wikti Corn / Hopi Greasy Head

Wikti Corn / Tasseling Jul 9th

Wikti (July 9th Update) Wikti was planted earlier but is shorter than Smoik Hu:n and Hopi White, is the first to show drought stress, and some plants are tasselling. Canopy cover in some areas is about 60%. Plants planted by row show more drought stress than those planted using the augur drill method and those that weren't fully backfilled show more water stress than the fully backfilled augur holes. This planting overlaps a part of 2023 Field 1 that generally did poorly in that year but the overlap area was the slightly better area of Field 1. The Wikti was planted as early as possible but emerged slowly because the soil was still cold and now with daily high temperatures over 100°F is just beginning to tassel.

It may be better to select plants that can survive the heat and lack of water than to try and beat the heat by early timing. Last year Field 2, which was planted later than Field 1, did better than Field 1 despite some of the ears not being mature enough to save seeds. It also seems Field 2 generally has more accessible underground moisture than Field 1. A later crop could be a workable solution as once seed reserves were sufficient some could be saved each year to replenish seed stocks and the less mature ears used for human and livestock consumption.

Wikti (August 20 Update) I will get some seed from this field but this is the second year I have had poor results in this area. The positive is that the harvested seeds will have undergone 1 year of selection to be better able to thrive and produce in absence of irrigation.

Wikti (September 24th Update) Wikti in Field 1 2024 produced better thab Hopi Blue Field 1 2023 and had a high incidence of corn smut aka huitlacoche. Yield is impressive despite being planted too closely. We have harvested aproximately 10lbs of kernels the same as last year but with ¼ the area compared to 2023. In 2023 fertilizer was top dressed, but it 2024 applied at recommended levels and tilled in before planting. Plant spacing still needs to be optimized.

Smoik Hu:n (Tohono O'odham 60 Day Corn)

Hopi Smoik Hu:n (1200) seeds were soaked and planted in north-south rows with an augur 300 feet west of the Wikti (2023 Field 1). The soil was dry on top but a few inches down there was sufficient moisture for germination. Parts of this field was planted in straight rows and part was planted using the zig-zag pattern to make double rows explained above. Emergence was very poor but a few of the emergent corn are bigger than the Wikti which was planted earlier. This type of corn makes tillers early and seedlings in partially backfilled holes did not perform as well as seedlings in fully backfilled holes. Smoik Hu:n is one of the earliest maturing types of white flour corn that can be harvested at the milk stage or used to make tortillas after dry. These plants make many tillers and a single seed results in a clump.

Smoik Hu:n Corn / Not Ideal

Smoik Hu:n Corn / Fast Growing / Weeds 4 Mulch

Smoik Hu:n Corn / Tasseling Jul 9th

Smoik Hu:n Jul 9 vs Blue Jul 25 2023

Smoik Hu:n Jul 9 / Dying Tumble Mustard

Smoik Hu:n (July 9th Update) Seed emergence was very poor for this batch. The quality of newly purchased seed is usually lower than for saved seeds and if possible it's better grow-out a smaller batch and save the seeds to plant a larger field the next year.

Some of these plants were damaged by frost on June 16th. The field is dry enough that the immature tumble mustard are dying while the corn looks good. The best of the Smoik Hu:n grew the faster and are taller than the Wikti, are tasseling, and nacent ear sheath leaves are emerging from axils (ear formation has begun). Smoik Hu:n are similar maturing but slightly taller than the Hopi White which was planted a little later. This is the earliest initial ear formation observed so far compared to initial ear formation for Hopi Blue in 2023 which was 16 days later. The 2023 Hopi Blue was also planted later than the Smoik Hu:n this year so it is difficult to compare "earliness" without side by side testing. For certain the Smoik Hu:n and Hopi White from this year are ahead of the Hopi Blue from 2023 by aproximately 15 days. I may have incorrectly been focusing on earliness to increase yield. Under local conditions slower maturation (combined with other characteristics like stay green) might be desirable if it improves the final yield and conversely selecting for earliness specifically isn't desirable unless it increases the yield of mature kernels.

Smoik Hu:n (September 18 Update) Despite poor emergence we got much more corn than initially expected. The plants were farther apart so there was less competition for water and per plant production was higher compared to closely spaced plants. This is a flour corn with very pretty pure white kernels and fairly large ears up to 12 inches long. I am impressed with the yield despite having fewer plants. This are seems relatively dry.

Hopi White Corn

Hopi White from 2023 plus new Hopi White (1700 seeds) were combined, soaked, and planted by trench method and with an augur 300 feet south and 300 feet west of the Smoik Hu:n field. This is (2023 Field 2) where we previously grew Hopi White/Pink/Blue and soil moisture was acceptable. Several planting methods were tried including with an augur 6-10 inches deep, with augur drilled holes at the bottom of a filled trench (deep planting), with augur at the bottom of an un-filled trench, and with seeds placed at the bottom of a filled trench. Hopi White emergence was better with augur "only". Combined augur drilled holes at the bottom of a "filled" trench with seeds being very (8-16 inches) deep resulted in extremely poor emergence (seeds were planted individually one per hole). It is possible that planting multiple seeds per hole would compensate for poor emergence when seeds are planted deeply. Hopi White is pink-tinged white flour corn with plants being short, 3 - 6' high, that is normally planted deeply in clumps with 10 seeds per hole and thinned to 4 - 7 plants per group (hill method). Hopi White is a soft flour corn though (based on pictures from Native Seeds Search) kernels can be slightly dented. These plants make many tillers and a single seed results in a clump.

Hopi White Corn

Hopi White Corn / Tasseling Jul 9th

Hopi White Corn / Fast Growing / Tallest

Hopi White (July 9th Update) The Hopi White which is planted in part of 2023 Field 2 is doing the best and in some areas canopy cover is slightly better than that of Wikti, about 75% in some areas. Emergence wasn't perfect and those planted by drilling with an augur did much better initially than those furrow-planted with the middle buster. Last year's patch of Hopi White was hand watered while this year's are not being watered, they are bigger, show little heat stress, and are tasseling. Half of the field was planted with new seeds and half with saved seeds from 2023. My opinion of Hopi White has changed for the better (my current favorite) but we have to wait and determine the final yield per plant.

The north half of Field 2 (Hopi White this year) has performed well 2 years in a row and as my seed count increases I'll test plant more areas (trial and error).

Hopi White (August 20th Update) The Hopi White did very well until the 100°F plus days in July and first part of August. Hopi White forms a clump with tillers almost as large as the main stalk and can have several ears per stalk. Grasshoppers are not as bad this year but they are eating the silk, and I hope this won't be a problem since unpollinated silk should continue to elongate until pollinated. Some clumps have as many as 5 ears. Some of the augur drilled corn on the high parts between rows did well initially but then dried prematurely while some planted in the furrow stayed green longer. My conclusions are that this is a good area with some in ground moisture and, in contrast to previous years observations, increased planting depth does seem to increase access to water. Another explanation might be that the high part of a furrow planting has 3 sides exposed to air increasing evaporation, but some of the augur drilled which dried prematurely are not furrowed. By Aug 26th many of the plants seem to be drying with a few outliers. Stalks at the ends of the rows (less crowded) seem to stay green longer than those within the rows. Increased spacing between plants has benefits (less competition for nutrients, water, and light) that outweigh the benefits of faster canopy closure (reduced evaporation). This area does not seem to be performing as well this year (2024) as in 2023 possibly because we had little snow accumulation the preceding (2023/2024) winter.

Hopi White (September 24th Update) Yield is impressive despite being planted too closely. The area planted is ¼ the size of 2023 Field 2 and we have harvested about 20% of the corn filling 2 x 3 gallon buckets with ears. Per area yield increase is most likely the result of tilling in fertilizer before planting.

In an area of the Hopi White field plants were about 1 foot apart with 5-6 feet between rows and every 3rd plant had a medium sized ear with no ears on the other plants. This suggests that plants spaced individually with 5.5 x 3 = 16.5 square feet per plant should yield 1 medium ear per plant probably more since the non-producing plants are removed and competition for moisture reduced. I am still trying to refine my square foot estimate per plant, and all indications are that somewhere between 15 and 25 square feet per plant would be suitable for most locations on our property.

Hopi White Yield (September 29th Update) A cleaned ear without husks was tested and kernel weight was 81% of the gross weight including the cob. All Hopi White was harvested except at the ends of rows and the total weight was 32.486 kg which after adjusted for cob is 57.17 lbs. The area planted here is &grac14; the size of 2023 blue. In 2023 the total dry weight of Field 1 plus Field 2 was 57 lbs. We will need to finish the harvest the ends of rows and wait for full dry down to get a more accurate weight for 2024, but clearly yield is about 4 times higher per acre. Yield increase is most likely due to planting slighty earlier (fewer immature ears discarded) and tilling in the fertlizer before planting.

Hopi White Yield (October 7th Update) We harvested 10 lbs more from the slower maturing greener plants at the ends of the rows. Some of these were saved separately as Hopi White super producers though lower density planting contributed to the higher per plant yield.

Hopi White Corn / Few Cross Pollinated

Hopi Pink Corn / Super-4 / 6 From 1 Plant

Since half of the field was planted with new seeds from Native Seeds Search we only saved seeds from these plants and removed any kernels that were not true to type. Some of the ears have slightly dented kernels like the picture from Native Seeds Search, and after drying we'll sort again and select against dent characteristic.

Hopi Pink Corn

Hopi Pink Corn / Tasseling Jul 9th

Hopi Pink Corn

Hopi Pink Corn from 2023 plus new Hopi Pink (total 2600 seeds) were each soaked and planted in separate areas of the same field by trench method and augur 300 feet south of the Hopi White field (2023 Field 2). The 2023 Hopi Pink were white with varying degrees of pink/red while the new seeds from VCOO were a darker "rose" color. Hopi Pink seeds from 2023 with more intense red coloration were grouped together. We initially planned to plant all of the Hopi Pink but decided to reserve some for 2025 and only 40% of the prepared area was planted. To test the effect of contour plowing on moisture accumulation trenches were plowed roughly level in an east-west direction. An augur was used to drill planting holes 6-10 inches deep in a zig-zag pattern at the bottom and in between trenches on the high parts. Initially holes were backfilled but the trenches were not. Seedling emergence was spotty and about the same as for Hopi White. This area is the lowest on the property and June 16th (a month after the last expected frost date) we recorded 34°F and had frost on the windshield at 5:30 am. Much of the Hopi Pink outer leaves were damaged. The Smoik Hu:n 600' away also had some freeze damage. The growth and appearance of Hopi Pink is very similar to Hopi White and plants are less than 5 feet tall. These plants make many tillers and a single seed results in a clump.

Hopi Pink (July 9th Update) The Hopi Pink has recovered from the freeze but are showing signs of heat and water stress. The bottom two rows are shriveling from lack of moisture which is consistent with previous experiments where lower areas fared poorly. Unlike most of the property this area has 8 ft. or more of dry silt which is notoriously hydrophobic. These areas don't absorb water as well. I once dug out burdock in this area near the irrigated trees and the deeper I went (in silt) the drier the soil but when digging 4' deep in other areas there is moist sand. Planting at the bottom was a mistake but on the slope the corn is doing much better and overall this field and may rival Field 2.

Hopi Pink (August 20th Update) The bottom rows have continued to deteriorate but plants in rows above have done very well. Growth is similar to the Hopi White and again as many as 5 ears per clump. We had backfilled some of the trenches by kicking in the dirt when the plants were about 3' tall and they seem to have dried less than the Hopi White. This area is not far from the old garden where we had the first Hopi Blue ears produced in 2022. Corn does well in this area. Hopi Pink is very productive, planting deeper at the bottom of a trench increases moisture available to plants, backfilling/hilling around maturing corn stalks reduces evaporation, and planting in a zig-zag pattern makes hilling operations more difficult.

Hopi Pink (August 26th Update) Quite a few of these plants are drying. Backfilling looks like it may have helped some. This is the best field (second to Hopi White) with a decent percentage of stalks still green and about 40% producing multiple ears (as many as 6 per plant).

Hopi Pink (September 24th Update) We have harvested about 20% of the corn filling 2 x 3 gallon buckets with ears and yield is impressive despite being planted too closely. While most other fields are drying and turning light brown there are quite a few plants in this area that are still green. This area seems to have more ground moisture and yield should improve once I optimize plant spacing.

Hopi Pink (October 2nd Update) Harvest was super impressive. We had an early frost on September 29th and it killed the leaves though the stalks and ears are still alive. Shucked corn is wet inside probably because the roots are still taking up water but the leaves are not transpiring. The VCOO Pink was also sorted separately and is clearly Wikti (Hopi Greasy Head). VCOO Pink was on the top 2 rows and harvest weight for this area was about the same as for the true Hopi Pink. Most plants in the Hopi Pink area have ears that are true to type, uniform pink, red, or white, with 0 - 3 cross pollinated kernels that can be separated. Some plants of both Hopi Pink and Hopi Pink Hydrids had 4 or more large ears, and ears from these super producers were kept separately and labeled "Super-4". The plant that had 2 ears on the terminal nodes had a total of 8 reasonably sized ears. We also had one plant with 4 ears that looked similar to Glass Gem (flint corn) with yellow, pink, blue, and green kernels (though this is a drought tolerant Hopi flour corn hybrid).

The Intermission

By mid May weather predicitions were for a very hot dry summer, windspeeds were generally high during the days, and we took a week to decide if we should continue planting or save seeds for 2025. I had soaked 2500 Kikam Hu:n seeds and had 2 more prepared fields, one west of the Smoik Hu:n and another 1½ acres spanning the width of property 400 feet north of any other fields.

Kikam Hu:n (Pima 60 Day Corn)

The Kikam Hu:n seeds were soaked during "the intermission", sprouted, and were 2-4 inches high at the time of planting. We wanted to save this strain so selected 120 of these seedlings and planted them in an irrigated bed. Kikam Hu:n is a short fast maturing corn with 80% soft flour and 20% flint kernels and can be harvested at the 60 days milk stage or when dry.

Kikam Hu:n (Update September 24th) I cut down these plants and harvested corn on Sep 23rd and they produced well for the relatively few plants. This type is a flour corn with 20% flint kernels. The ears were generally long and skinny with white kernels some of which are translucent like flint corn. We kept the more mature ears and boiled/steamed a large pot of the green ears. They were flavorful, chewy, and quite starchy and with a little effort could be made into something quite tasty (should have added salted butter).

Hopi Blue Corn

Between May 26th and June 6th we planted 1½ acres of Hopi Blue corn. The area was plowed and trenched roughly on contour in areas where the grass was taller and the soil had higher levels of moisture. In this area rain is usually light and doesn't last long so contours will help trap snow and increase water absorption during spring thaw, but perfectly level berms aren't necessary. The soil in most areas was moist, dark, and clumpy after using the middle buster. Seeds from the best ears of Hopi Blue from 2023 were selected for planting, and 50 Hopi Blue seeds from an outside source were mixed in to maintain population diversity and reduce the chance of inbreeding depression. A few ears from 2023 had a mixture of white and blue kernels or had maroon/blue chinmarked kernels and these were saved but not planted with regular blue. Seeds were soaked overnight, allowed to rest for 9 hours, rinsed, and planted using trench, hand seed, and cover using the rebar harrow method. Four rows were planted first, followed by four rows 2 days later, and this was continued until the field was planted, except for the northwest ¼ acre which appeared too dry and has rocks. Seedling emergence was excellent with the first 4 rows emerging on June 7th followed by the next 4 rows on June 9th and then a few seedlings emerged in rows 9-17 on June 11th. The results from this area should be interesting since there is a small slope south of the field which drains north to the field and spring snow melt collects on the driveway at the northeast corner of this field. Hopi Blue is a delicious soft flour corn and even when dry can be chewed raw with a starchy slightly sweet after-taste. Hopi Blue is 5-7' tall. It does make tillers but usually only the main stalk gets big and makes ears.

Hopi Blue Corn / North Field

Hopi Blue Corn / Jul 10 2024

Hopi Blue Corn / Red Leafed Plant

Hopi Blue Red Leafed Plant - In 2023 we had one Hopi Blue corn plant that was completely purple/maroon colored in Field 1 and we planted these seeds together at the end of the 2024 field. Some of the seedlings looked reddish but this area did not produce well. In general red leaved corn seemed to do slightly worse on average. Also, there seems to be very little correlation between plant color and ear color. Green plants can have ears with red silk with purplish kernels, and purple/red streaked plants can have white cobs with blue kernels.

Blue Hopi Corn / First Ear Sep 26 2024

Hopi Blue (July 9th Update) I believe thinning is a necessary operation as in 2023 I saw areas that were overplanted and not thinned that did not grow well or make ears. We went through on hands and knees to thin the corn, 2 rows at a time, on the left and on the right for each pass. My son and I did most of this together so we did 60-80% of 4 rows in the evening after work on some days. It is always preferable to remove the weaker plants. The aim was to thin the plants 8-12 inches apart but leave 2 together if there were no plants 18 inches on either side. Some area were thinned much less than this (left 4 inches apart in some areas) and others were not thinned at all. If plants are too close together, thinning will disturb the roots of nearby plants doing more damage than good. Breaking plants off the above soil line does not always work as they easily grow back from the middle. If there are 3 plants with 2 plants very close, it is better to remove the two together and leave the third that is farther away undisturbed. But, what if the 3rd one is weaker? When thinning it is important to have the right balance between speed at quality. Don't over think it, leave both together and remove the third or pull 'em both out, and most importantly "just keep swimming!"

Most of the Hopi Blue is over 6" high some more than 1' high. As seen as a whole it is clear from soil color and leaf color during the later parts of the day there are areas with less moisture. Interestingly plants in the slightly higher north-facing slope (south long side of the field) appear to be doing better supporting previous experiments on the property where low areas have less available moisture. Silt feels like flour when dry and we have many pockets of "moon dust" that feels like flour and both sand and silt are known to be hydrophobic. Packed silt is probably repelling water and contour tilling may be beneficial by increasing water accumulation in these areas.

In some areas, the rows were not backfilled enough and corn plants are falling over and dying. Future planting should be adjusted to drag with the rebar harrow at least 3 times and possibly with the tines down rather than upside down. When the soil is moist the middle buster makes clods with gaps between the clods and the rows are not filled in properly with only 1 pass. Some of the young corn plants are not properly supported and I recommend now 3 passes with tines down on the last pass followed by a cultipacker.

Corn spacing is another issue. To trench, seed, and backfill a double row in a single operation would be ideal but the old 27hp Yanmar tractor I am using can just pull a single middle buster without a seeder. The next best option may be to use a single middle buster for a first pass and in a second pass use a modified seeder with coulters to seed at the bottom of the trench. Trenches were 42-48 inches apart with 1 or more plants per foot or 3 ¾ sq. ft. per plant.

Hopi Blue (August 20th Update) The Hopi Blue fared poorly in the north field when temperatures were 90-110°F most of July and first part of August. It has been fairly windy with a light sprinkle once or twice, just enough to keep the dust down for 30 minutes. Much of the field has turn a dry papery green with only few sections making ears. Good areas and ear production does not seem to correlate with plant spacing but more of a general area (eg all plants in one area do either well or poorly with few outliers). The best area seems to be on the south side of the middle, which is slightly higher and sloping north. There are occaisional outliers in poor areas which may have been planted deeper or may have a better root structure. Another observation for both 2023 and 2024 is that plants that grow quickly and vigorously seem to be the first to die when hot weather arrives. Most of this area is too dry to grow corn and I am expecting less than 5-10% of the field to have ears.

Hopi Blue (September 26th Update) There was an almost black ear of corn exposed at the end of one of the Hopi Blue rows and I picked it in case the birds got to it. There is a green area in the middle of this field, but generally plants in the middle do poorly due to competition for ground water and those on the outside rows do best. It is now clear that spacing is the main issue affecting production.

Hopi Blue (October 7th Update) We harvested the first 6 rows (0.29 acres) and got more than 100 lbs. this comes out to 346lbs per acre or 6.2 bushels/acre. These are some of the best rows but at least half of the row feet did not produce any ears because they were too close. There were whole sections of rows with no ears or ears not worth harvesting, and even in better areas there were good ears only on every 4th plant or worse. The plants that did produce well were spaced in 40 inch rows 3-6 feet apart while most plants were less than 8 inches apart. In one case there were 3 plants together with 6 feet empty space on each side and no ears, indicating that hill planting with 6.7 sq ft per plant is still too dense. Crowding also seems to delay maturity. Hopi Blue needs a minimum of 15 sq. ft. per plant to produce well. Most of the corn was mature enough for seeds but not dry enough and would be damaged if using a machine to harvest. We drove a tractor between the rows with 1 person in front picking the corn and throwing it into the bucket, and it was more work than expected. For Hopi Blue next year we'll plant less, plant earlier, and plant in hills farther apart.

Concha White x Other Selected White Kernels

In 2023 more than half of the Concha White survived without irrigation, while under the same conditions, the Pima 60 Day Corn and other Hopi varieties tested mostly died (though none produced kernels). Planting the field west of the Smoik Hu:n was postponed because it was windy and the soil appeared very dry on top. In early June we tested several areas with an augur and soil moisture appeared relatively good (soil was darker and clumpier a few inches down). Seeds were soaked on Friday the 7th and planted on the 9th between 6 and 8 am. Four hundred Concha White (with 200 kept in reserve) were combined with less than 100 selected white kernels from the 2023 Hopi White, Hopi Pink, and Hopi Blue batches and planted in north-south rows using the augur zig-zag method. Zig-zag rows were spaced 1½-2 feet apart to test the effect of closer planting and early canopy closure on soil evaporation and growth. To give the seeds a head start and to compensate for reduced soil moisture the holes were sparingly watered after seed placement and then backfilled.

Concha White Corn / Planted June 9th

Concha White Corn / Jul 9th 2024

Concha White Corn Wind Damage / Sep 30 2024

Concha White Corn \w 7 Ears / Sep 30 2024

Concha White x Other Selected White Kernels (Update August 20th) Emergence was better than I though inititally and part of this patch is doing well and making ears. These were planted close together and augur drilled with no furrows. An single initial application of water after planting seems beneficial and warrants further testing. The corn from this patch is mostly Concha White and the north end of this patch is doing best.

Concha White x Other Selected White Kernels (Update August 20th) Some of these plants are quite tall up to 7' at least. The pictures show one plant at the north east corner of this patch blown over by very strong winds that has many stalks and 7 ears.

Planting Spacing (Update Sep 2)

The root system of Pueblo type corn extends much more horizontally than expected compared to similar sized crop plants. I went back and looked at my observations and comments since 2022 and I am kicking myself for not learning this sooner even though in 2022 the Hopi Corn did not do well when closely planted (even with irrigation and the one that did produce best was on bare soil at the end of the garden patch and 6 feet away from any other plants.)

Before planting in 2023, I did some calculations of how much ground area I thought should be given for each plant. Before planting in 2024 I though spacing might be less important than faster canopy closure, but this was wrong. There seems to be a practical reason for everything the Hopi do when planting corn. Planting in hills reduces labor per yield, spacing plants far apart and removing competing vegetation reduces competition for ground moisture, planting multiple kernels per hole and thinning ensures proper plant density, planting deeply and putting moist soil back in the bottom of the hole improves germination and increases access to available moisture, and making a hole and filling completely reduces evaporation compared to furrow planting.

Hopi White / End Of Row 1

Hopi White / End Of Row 2

Concha White / Square Dry In Middle

Concha White / Green South Edge

Dry Middle / Green North Edge Behind

In 2023 we did not till in fertilizer before planting but corrected that for all fields planted in 2024, and per plant yield is significantly higher. Plants at the ends of rows and on outside rows do better than plants in the middle. This year the Concha White patch looks roughly like a green square surrounding dry plants in the middle indicating that plants should be spaced further apart to reduce competition for ground water and nutrients.

How To Grow Dryland Hopi Corn

Drought Tolerant Hopi Corn Seeds

Dryland Hopi Corn Experiment 2023

Winter Wheat 2023

Sorghum